Recycling
Construction & Demolition Materials
Construction and demolition (C&D) materials consist of the debris
generated during the construction, renovation, and demolition of
buildings, roads, and bridges. C&D materials often contain bulky, heavy
materials that include:
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concrete,
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wood
(from buildings),
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asphalt (from roads and roofing shingles),
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gypsum
(the main component of drywall),
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metals,
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bricks,
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glass,
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plastics,
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salvaged building components (doors, windows, and plumbing
fixtures), and
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trees,
stumps, earth, and rock from clearing sites.
Reducing and recycling C&D materials conserves landfill space, reduces
the environmental impact of producing new materials, creates jobs, and
can reduce overall building project expenses through avoided
purchase/disposal costs.
Reducing C&D Materials
Reducing the amount of C&D materials disposed of in landfills or
combustion facilities provides numerous benefits.
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Less
waste can lead to fewer disposal facilities, potentially reducing
associated environmental issues including methane gas emissions
which contribute to
global climate change.
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Reducing, reusing, and recycling C&D materials offsets the need to
extract and consume virgin resources, which also reduces greenhouse
gas emissions.
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Deconstruction and selective demolition methods divert large amounts
of materials from disposal and provide business opportunities within
the local community.
Reuse
and recycling of C&D materials is one component of a larger holistic
practice called sustainable or green building construction. The
efficient use of resources is a fundamental tenet of green building
construction. This means reducing, reusing, and recycling most if not
all materials that remain after a construction or renovation project.
Concrete Recycling
Recycled Aggregates
Construction materials are increasingly judged by their ecological
characteristics. Concrete recycling gains importance because it protects
natural resources and eliminates the need for disposal by using the
readily available concrete as an aggregate source for new concrete or
pavement sub-base layers. According to a
Federal Highway Administration study, 38 states recycle concrete as
an aggregate base; 11 recycle it into new portland cement concrete. The
states that do use recycled concrete aggregate in new concrete report
that concrete with recycled concrete aggregate performs equal to
concrete with natural aggregates.
Steel Recycling
Since
the early 1970's, the North American steel industry has invested over
$60 billion in becoming a more sustainable industry. In a typical year,
more than 15 percent of the steel industry's capital expenditures are
directed towards environmental improvement.
Steel
is North America's most recycled material. It has an average recycling
rate in excess of 50 percent since World War II and over 60 percent
since 1970. Last year, over 67 million tons of steel scrap were recycled
in the United States.
Even
while two out of every three pounds of new steel are produced from old
steel, it is still necessary to continue to use some quantities of
virgin materials. This is true because many steel products remain in
service as durable goods for decades at a time and demand for steel
around the world continue to grow.
Steelmaking, based on recycling, requires less energy and material
resources than using virgin iron ore from the ground.
Wood Recycling
Construction and demolition (C&D) activities generate significant
amounts of waste. It has been estimated by the California Integrated
Waste Management Board that C&D waste represents approximately 28
percent of the solid waste stream. Wood waste represents one component
of C&D, estimated at approximately 25 percent.
There
are several alternatives to disposal for wood waste that can be reused
as lumber for both structural and ornamental applications. These
alternatives can save money in avoided disposal fees and potentially
generate income from the sale of salvageable materials.
Demolition
operations tend to yield very little reusable lumber due to the practice
of using heavy machinery to demolish structures. However, hand
demolition or "deconstruction" significantly increases the amount of
reusable lumber and architectural fixtures that can be salvaged for
reuse. Hand demolition has been documented as cost competitive
with mechanized demolition. The "Whole House Recycling Project" in
southeast Portland, Oregon documented the hand demolition of a home,
which proved to be more cost competitive than using mechanized
equipment.
Demolition of older or unique structures can yield valuable materials
such as wooden fixtures, moldings, casings, sashes, framing, and timbers
for reuse or re-milling. These types of structures are more likely to
contain structural components worthy of re-milling, for both structural
and ornamental applications, and fixtures of interest.
Large
timbers and dimensional lumber removed from demolition operations can be
reused or re-cut for other construction projects. However, in many cases
the lumber will need to be re-graded by a certified grader if it is used
for anything other than ornamental purposes. This, of course, can only
be determined on a case-by-case basis and may limit reuse options.
Walter Thomas and Associates is
a leading proponent of re-using and recycling
construction and demolition materials, saving money for our clients and
helping to preserve the fragile environment that is entrusted to all of
us. Walter Thomas and
Associates is proud to be one of Southern California's leading Green
companies.
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